A. 法人实体组织形式的选择
亚美尼亚法律允许建立有限责任公司、补充责任公司、开放式股份公司和封闭式股份公司(类似股份公司和公开合股公司)。
通过亚美尼亚开展商业流业务最方便的法律组织形式是有限责任公司。
B. 法人实体注册过程中的时间成本和总成本
收到成立文件后,最多2个工作日就可以注册一个法律实体,而且不需要缴纳国家注册费。
C. 成立法人实体的必要文件
要成立法人实体,必须:
D. 商标的注册
保护自己企业的品牌是保护企业利益的基石之一,虽然这不是先决条件,但在任何情况下都是都是有用的、受鼓励的。因此,在盘算将企业迁往亚美尼亚过程中的法律风险时,也应注意商标注册问题。
商标的保护从提交申请的那一刻开始,注册过程实际上持续3-4个月。一家拥有25名员工的公司在提交、审查和注册商标申请时,需支付30,000德拉姆(约合60美元)的国家规费。
E. 亚美尼亚的居留许可
外国人每年最多可以在亚美尼亚停留180天,为在亚美尼亚停留更长的时间,必须持有居留许可。
为外国人提供以下居留许可选项:
如果外国人说明其在亚美尼亚共和国境内居住一年或一年以上的理由,则向他或她颁发临时居留许可。除其他理由外,在有工作许可和经营活动的情况下可授予临时居留许可。
永久居留许可的有效期为五年,每次可延长相同的期限。除其他理由外,如果申请人在亚美尼亚共和国从事经营活动,就可以获得永久居留许可。
要从事经营活动则必须在亚美尼亚成立公司或参股。
向亚美尼亚族的外国人以及在亚美尼亚共和国从事经济或文化活动的其他外国人颁发特许居留许可,其有效期为十年。
获得居留许可的国家规费:
F. 税收制度和税率
亚美尼亚有两种主要的税收制度:
1․ 缴纳所得税的法人实体
与缴纳所得税的公司的应税基础相关的所得税(对于通过永久分支机构在亚美尼亚共和国经营的非居民公司,应税所得税基础是根据归属于分支机构的收入形成的),按18%的税率计算(在形成所得税时,要考虑到法定扣除额)。缴纳所得税的公司也是增值税(20%)纳税人,并且与缴纳流通税的公司不同,它享有抵扣/退还增值税的可能性。此外,在亚美尼亚共和国境外提供的服务免征增值税。缴纳所得税的公司也是增值税(20%)纳税人,并且与缴纳流通税的公司不同,它享有抵扣/退还增值税的可能性。此外,在亚美尼亚境外提供的服务免征增值税。
2․ 流通税(简化税制)
服务业流通税的基本税率为5%。还有其他税率,例如,生产所得的收入为3.5%,销售所得的收入为1.5-5%。
流转税制适用于年营业额不超过1.15亿德拉姆(约合24万美元)的公司。
3․ 优惠待遇
存在某些类型的活动,在从事这些活动时微型企业(营业额不超过2400万德拉姆)可免于纳税。
G. 结论
了解到最近迁往亚美尼亚的人员的商业利益和新业务的活动类型,并考虑到迅速开展经营过程的需要,我们认为,非居民(个人或法人实体)可根据以下方案合理地将业务转移到亚美尼亚:
在亚美尼亚成立有限责任公司。
如果亚美尼亚公司的年营业额超过1.15亿德拉姆,则选择所得税制度。
注册任何一个人,哪怕是创始人,作为公司的负责人。
在我们的帮助下,开立银行账户并获取网上银行系统。
使用我们的法律服务和会计服务,在亚美尼亚开展公司的活动:会计核算、与银行和政府机构的关系、注册、执照、注册变更等。
通过一家亚美尼亚居民公司,从国外购买服务并将其出售给国外承包方。
将公司账户里来自国外承包方的资金,保留一定的金额在亚美尼亚,以保证公司的当期开支,其余部分作为利润进行分配(利润每年将以股息的形式转给创始人,并且一年可以发放数次股息)。亚美尼亚的所得税为18%。
将剩余的金额转给购买服务的外国居民公司(母公司),而后者将采用居住国已适用的税收制度进行纳税。
Viktoria Gasparyan specializes in civil and administrative law.
She received her education at the Faculty of Law of Yerevan State University, graduating with honors in 2022. During her student years, she served as a legal advisor at the YSU Legal Clinic.
She has participated in numerous professional courses and forums, including those organized by the German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation (IRZ) and the Women Rights Center NGO of GIZ Armenia.
She gained her professional experience in the legal field through her work at the First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction of Yerevan and at the “Enterprise Armenia” Foundation (Investment Support Center).
Currently, she is a student at the Academy of Advocates of Armenia.
Janik Ivanyan specializes in corporate, contract, and administrative law.
He received his education in law at Yerevan State University, then continued his studies at the University of Warsaw, obtaining a Master’s degree in Management.
He gained his professional experience in the private sector through legal consulting activities.
Since 2023, Janik Ivanyan has been a member of the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia, practicing as an attorney.
Nare Honarchyan specializes in criminal law.
She received her education at the French University Foundation in Armenia and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Law.
During her studies, Nare Honarchyan completed legal internships at the Human Rights Defender’s Office of Armenia and the Presidential Administration of Armenia.
She is currently studying in the Master’s program “International Courts and Arbitration” at Yerevan State University.
She gained her professional experience in the private sector, working as an assistant to an attorney.
Since 2023, Nare Honarchyan has been a member of the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia, practicing as an attorney.
Marieta Gabrielyan specializes primarily in civil, administrative, public international, and private law.
She received her education at the Faculty of Law of Yerevan State University, where she served as a legal advisor at the YSU Legal Clinic during her student years. She graduated from the university with honors.
During her studies, she participated in numerous professional courses and moot courts, and was one of the winners of the 2023 Interuniversity Moot Court Competition organized by the Financial System Mediator.
She began her professional experience in the legal field through consulting activities conducted within our team.
Currently, she is a student at the Academy of Advocates of Armenia.
Anna Khachatryan specializes in criminal law and corporate law.
She received her education at Yerevan State University and the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, graduating from the latter with honors.
She gained her professional experience working as an investigator at the Investigative Committee of Armenia and later continued her legal career at various organizations and companies in Armenia, serving as a legal advisor, lawyer, and director at different consulting firms.
She has participated in professional development and training courses, as well as conferences both in Armenia and abroad.
Specifically, she has completed training and development courses at the Academy of Justice of Armenia, the National Bureau of Expertise, participated in professional discussions organized by the U.S. Embassy in Armenia, and was sent abroad for an exchange of experience through CEPOL (European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training).
Aram Esayan is a member of the Fidelis team, specializing in bankruptcy, financial, civil, and administrative sectors.
He received his education at the French University Foundation in Armenia (UFAR) and is a graduate of the V International Youth Scientific School “Innovation Management.”
He gained his professional experience in the judicial and financial systems as well as through private legal consulting activities.
He has worked at the Yerevan First Instance Court of General Jurisdiction, “INECOBANK” CJSC, and the Yerevan Municipality. Aram Esayan is well-acquainted with the judicial system and bankruptcy process regulations.
He has completed legal internships at the Central Bank of Armenia and “AS METAL” LLC, and has participated in several professional forums. He is also a bankruptcy trustee.
Currently, he is a student at the Academy of Advocates of Armenia.
Arman Abrahamyan is one of the legal advisors at Fidelis, specializing in administrative, contract, and corporate law.
He received his education at Lomonosov Moscow State University, graduating with honors. Arman is also a graduate of the Anania Shirakatsy Lyceum. His areas of interest include psychology, chess, volleyball, and more.
He gained his professional experience in the legal field through both public and private legal consulting activities.
Since 2023, he has been a member of the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia, practicing as an attorney.
Sona Khurshudyan is one of the legal advisors at Fidelis, specializing in contract law, corporate law, administrative law, and intellectual property law.
She received her education at the Russian-Armenian University and holds a Master’s degree in Corporate Law with the highest qualification. She also studied at the National Research University “Higher School of Economics” (HSE — St. Petersburg).
She gained her professional experience through corporate client service and private legal consulting activities.
During her studies, Sona Khurshudyan participated in numerous professional courses and moot court competitions, including the “Civil Law Issues” course organized by GIZ Armenia, the Annual Intellectual Property Moot Court Competition, and the interuniversity moot court on criminal law and criminal procedure organized by the Faculty of Law of Yerevan State University and the German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation (IRZ).
Since 2023, she has been a member of the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia, practicing as an attorney.
Ֆիդելիսի իրավաբանական թիմին է միացել 2019 թվականին:
Կրթությունը ստացել է Հայաստանում ֆրանսիական համալսարան հիմնադրամում (UFAR):
Աշխատանքային և իրավաբանական փորձառությունը նախ ձեռք է բերել՝ աշխատելով վարկային կազմակերպությունում: Մասնագիտացել է սնանկության, ժառանգության և սեփականության իրավունքների ոլորտներում: Տիրապետում է ռուսերեն, անգլերեն և ֆրանսերեն լեզուներին:
Hakob Armandaryan joined the legal team of Fidelis in 2019.
He received his education at the French University Foundation in Armenia (UFAR).
He initially gained his professional and legal experience by working at a credit organization. He specializes in bankruptcy, inheritance, and property law. He is fluent in Russian, English, and French.
Varazdat Harutyunyan is one of the founders of Fidelis, specializing in bankruptcy, financial, tax, banking, corporate, and business law. He has extensive experience in protecting personal dignity and good reputation.
He received his education at the French University Foundation in Armenia (UFAR) and holds a Master’s degree in International Private Law with the highest qualification. He is a licensed attorney and a bankruptcy trustee.
He gained his professional experience in the financial system, as well as through private legal consulting and advocacy.
He worked at the Central Bank of Armenia, as well as in several leading commercial banks, holding executive positions. He has provided services to large Armenian and foreign companies and has successfully participated in the judicial protection of legal entities in some former CIS countries.
Varazdat Harutyunyan has undergone training in Armenia and abroad on matters related to tax, bankruptcy, and various branches of private law.
As a bankruptcy trustee, Varazdat Harutyunyan’s total portfolio of funds exceeds 600 million AMD, a significant portion of which is within the scope of corporate financial rehabilitation.
Yesayi Yesayan is one of the founders of Fidelis, specializing in financial, corporate, and business law.
He received his education at the French University Foundation in Armenia (UFAR) and holds a Master’s degree in International Private Law with the highest qualification. He is a member of the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia, practicing as an attorney.
He gained his professional experience in the judicial and financial systems, as well as through private legal consulting and advocacy.
For an extended period, he worked at the Central Bank of Armenia, which helps Esayi Esayan to this day to have a comprehensive understanding of financial system regulations. He has actively participated in efforts to solve systemic issues, was involved in interdepartmental working groups, and participated in legislative and sub-legislative changes.
Esayi Esayan has undergone training in Armenia and in European countries (France, Austria, Netherlands), and has participated in professional forums abroad (United Kingdom, Kyrgyzstan).
Armen Andrikyan is a founder-partner at Fidelis and the head of the criminal law department.
He received his education at Yerevan State University and holds a Master’s degree. He is currently continuing his studies at Eurasia International University as a PhD candidate, working on the defense of his dissertation.
Since 2017, he has been a member of the Chamber of Advocates, representing clients in all types of criminal cases.
He began his professional career in 2006, working at the State Customs Committee under the Government of Armenia as a customs inspector in the Anti-Smuggling Department. He received the rank of lieutenant in customs service.
He also worked at the State Commission for the Protection of Economic Competition of Armenia, initially as an expert in the Legal Department and later as an auditor. He also worked in the financial and banking system at “Areximbank-Gazprombank” CJSC and “Kamurj UCO” CJSC as the head of judicial affairs.
Armen Andrikyan also manages the legal team of CPS company.
Since 2021, he has been a board member of “AES Credit” UCO CJSC.
Vladimir Gabrielyan has been the director of Fidelis since 2019, specializing in civil and administrative law.
He received his education at the State University of Economics, Statistics, and Informatics of Moscow in Armenia and holds a Master’s degree in Financial Law. He is a member of the Chamber of Advocates of Armenia, a licensed attorney, and also qualified as a bankruptcy trustee.
He gained his professional experience working for nearly ten years as a senior legal advisor for a major private company, in the judicial system, and through other private legal consulting and advocacy activities.
From 2005 to 2007, he served in the Armed Forces of Armenia.
Վարազդատ Հարությունյանը հանդիսանում է Ֆիդելիսի հիմնադիրներից, ով մասնագիտացած է սնանկության, ֆինանսական, հարկային, բանկային, կորպորատիվ և բիզնես իրավունքների ոլորտներում, ինչպես նաև ունի կուտակված մեծ փորձ անձի արժանապատվության և բարի համբավի պաշտպանության գործերով: Նա կրթությունը ստացել է Հայաստանում ֆրանսիական համալսարան հիմնադրամում (UFAR), ունի միջազգային մասնավոր իրավունքի մագիստրոսի բարձրագույն որակավորման աստիճան, հանդիսանում է արտոնագրված փաստաբան, ինչպես նաև սնանկության գործերով կառավարիչ: Աշխատանքային փորձառությունը ձեռք է բերել ֆինանսական համակարգում, մասնավոր իրավախորհրդատվական և փաստաբանական գործունեության ընթացքում:
Աշխատել է ՀՀ կենտրոնական բանկում, ինչպես նաև մի շարք առաջատար առևտրային բանկերում զբաղեցնելով առաջատար և ղեկավար պաշտոններ: Ծառայություններ է մատուցել Հայաստանյան և արտասահմանյան խոշոր ընկերությունների, հաջողությամբ մասնակցել է իրավաբանական անձանց դատական պաշտպանությանը նախկին ԱՊՀ որոշ երկներում։
Վարազդատ Հարությունյանը վերապատրաստվել է ՀՀ-ում և արտասահմանում՝ հարկային, սնանկության և մասնավոր իրավունքի տարբեր ճյուղերին առնչվող հարցերով։
Որպես սնանկության գործով կառավարիչ Վարազդատ Հարությունյանի կողմից դրամական միջոցների ընդհանուր պորտֆելը գերազանցում է 600 մլն․ ՀՀ դրամը, ընդ որում՝ էական մասը ընկերությունների ֆինանսական առողջացման շրջանակներում։